Obesity, and other metabolic diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its related complications like chronic kidney disease (CKD), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have led to alarming health and social burdens globally and in China as well. Although strong links exist among those multifactorial metabolic disorders, there are limited researches on better understanding of their pathogenesis and the provision of effective interventional measures in practice. In this special issue, we have five researches including three research articles providing new insights into potential mechanisms in the development and possible prevention and treatment therapies of NAFLD, HCC, and CKD, as well as two review articles summarizing multi-omics profiling and future strategies for precision medicine in T2DM, NAFLD, and MetS, and the rapid advances in the field of metabolic surgery in China.